Jonathan Ive: Steve Jobs' successor?

The press were wondering who will take over when Steve is no longer there. Fortune Magazine, Cnet, and Engadget published articles that looked to Jonathan Ive as heir to the kingdom. Each article recognises the head designer as the catalyst behind the products that saved and strengthened Apple.  

The company’s batting rate for both sales and design awards has skyrocketed since Jonathan joined the team. At first, Jonathan almost quit Apple whose leadership under Gil Amelio had overlooked Jony’s ideas. When Steve returned to the helm, he embraced the Brit and the rest is silicon history. Apple’s  website describes Jonathan as “reporting directly to the CEO” – a gentle reminder that his stellar ideas still require Steve’s royal seal. Not unlike a rare bird kept in a cage, Jony labours away in a studio forbidden to most Apple staff.[1]

Jonathan chooses to live further away from the office than Steve. His house is deep in the forest among the Twin Peaks mountains where he raises twin boys with his wife, Heather - a writer of histories. He finds solace in watching episodes of The Office – a British satire that exposes the puerile politics of working in a corporate beehive.[2] After two decades of working magic for Apple, there is only one lonely book on the market written about him: Jonathan Ive: Designer of the iPod [3]. You can imagine the hours of brainstorming that went into that inspired title. The book is aimed at high schoolers and only one person bothered to give a review of two stars on Amazon.com. The main obstacle to biographers is that Jonathan seldom speaks to anyone. Apple won’t even release his date of birth. Perhaps they don’t know the date because Jonathan won’t tell them. Interviews with Jonathan are even more scarce than those with Steve. When a journalist is finally granted an audience, he speaks only about the noble philosophy of his craft. He seems tethered by the invisible hand of Steve. British Channel 4 journalist, Nicholas Glass dared to ask him about the defective iPod battery. Patiently, Jonathan leans forward to listen to the question, leans right back, and politely replies, 

“Actually not going talk about the battery.”

“Not allowed to?”

“Probably not allowed to.” 

Jonathan’s amiable smile broke only for a moment. 

Battery issues did not deter Queen Elizabeth II from asking her son, Prince Andrew, to fetch a silver 6 Gig Mini iPod from the Regent Street Apple Store in 2005 (she owns the building).[4] The Monarch was so impressed that the following year she awarded Jonathan the title of Commander of The British Empire.[5] Fellow awardees included fashion legend Vivienne Westwood. His title is two rungs higher than John Lennon's MBE. The singer received the title in '65. Four years later, he met Yoko and decided to make a big silly deal about rejecting his MBE “as a protest against Britain's involvement in the Nigeria-Biafra thing, against our support of America in Vietnam and against 'Cold Turkey' slipping down the charts”.[6] Unlike Lennon (Steve’s idol), Jonathan accepted his title with good grace like a proper English gentleman. After all, it’s only a New Year’s gift from a nice elderly lady.

Jonathan’s resume looks pretty slick so far. He excelled himself at Northumbria University’s Industrial design course – the same school attended by Steve’s friend, Sting. Two years after the iPod, he stepped into in the sizable footsteps of his idol, Dieter Rams, by receiving The Royal Designer for Industry Award. A year later, he received the Benjamin Franklin Medal. The Medal is awarded to “a global ‘big thinker’, an individual who … is deemed by the RSA to be significant to our core enlightenment values of developing human progress.”[7] Colin Powell won the previous year’s medal. When Jonathan won the National Design Award in 2007, Business Week stated “Jonathan Ive and Apple Win Again …It's no surprise Cooper-Hewitt honoured the doyen of computer design”.[8] His iPod and even his lovely and over-over-priced Apple G4 Cube are on display at the Museum of Modern Art in New York. His designs sit self-importantly beside other high-minded artistic endeavours such a very large paper clip, a partial photograph of a bag of cat litter, and Dieter Rams’ little Braun T3 transistor radio.

Jonathan was number two on The Daily Telegraph’s 2009 fifty most influential Britons in technology. Number one was Sir Tim Berners-Lee. It’s hard to compete with the guy who invented the world wide web. Number twenty was Stephen Fry who seems to have found a way to twitter his love for Apple even as he sleeps. The Telegraph remarked that Stephen promotes that “a love of technology is an essential part of a sophisticated intellectual life, giving us all an excuse to buy shiny toys that go beep.” [9]

Stephen interviewed Jonathan for his BBC1 television series, Stephen Fry in America. As they both looked over the San Francisco skyline, Stephen asked,

“It could be said that the two most influential Britons of the past thirty years are Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the world wide web, and you who’ve given us the iPod and all the train of Apple products. Yet you both choose to live and work in America. I wonder if that says something about Britain or more importantly about America?”

Jony replied, “I think that there's just a conspicuous lack of cynicism and scepticism and ideas are so fragile aren't they? It's so easy to sort of miss an idea, because they can be so quiet, or to snuff an idea out.  I think that the sense of the inquisitiveness and the willingness to try is so important for design, for developing those tentative, fragile ideas into a real product.” [10]

Several design companies use this quote to inspire them forward in their endeavours.

Everybody loves Jony. His DJ chum, the prolific John Digweed, marvels at Jony’s humility despite his global status. It took the DJ months before he realised Jonathan was THAT Jonathan.[11]  His good friend, elite Australian designer, Marc Newson, gave him one of his five thousand dollar Ikepod timepieces. The man is surrounded by friends, and why not? It’s difficult not to like the softly-spoken gentle giant. You can even buy Jonathan Ive t-shirts. Although they are a little more difficult to find than those emblazoned with Steve’s image. Apple was built by a fierce loner who understood from the very beginning that nice guys finish last.

Jonathan may have the artistic soul of Apple; but Apple’s deluxe products and deluxe price tags require a CEO who can sell deluxe ice to Eskimos (so long as it isn’t cube-shaped ice). Nice guys like Jony aren’t salesmen. No one sells with as much panache and vigour as Steve.

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[1]CnnMoney Smartest People in Tech. Smartest Designer: Jonathan Ive. Retrieved from: http://money.cnn.com/galleries/2010/technology/1007/gallery.smartest_people_tech.fortune/6.html

[2] Arlidge, J. (2003, December 21) Father Of Invention.  From The Observer Comment in The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1111276,00.html

[3] Hirschmann, K. (2007) Jonathan Ive: Designer of the iPod. Michigan: Kidhaven.

[4] Ricker, T. (2005, June 17) Queen Elizabeth II: diminutive royal, iPod user. Engadget. Retrieved from http://www.engadget.com/2005/06/17/queen-elizabeth-ii-diminutive-royal-ipod-user/

[5] Sullivan, L. (2006, Janaury 3) Apple's iPod Gets Royal Honor. Information Week.

[6] NME (2009, January 6) John Lennon's MBE found in royal vault. 

[7] Retrieved from http://www.thersa.org/about-us/history-and-archive/medals/benjamin-franklin-medal

[8] Scanlon, J. & Walters, H.92007, June 7) Jonathan Ive and Apple Win Again. Business Week.

[9] Beere, C. (2009, September 24) The 50 most influential Britons in technology. Daily Telegraph.

[10] BBC1/Sprout Pictures (Producers) (2008)Stephen Fry In America. Episode Six.

[11] Arlidge, J. (2003, December 21) Father Of Invention.  From The Observer Comment in The Guardian. Retrieved from: http://observer.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,6903,1111276,00.html

Steve Jobs' thoughts on music

It’s not rocket science to make a decent device that plays music. Apple evangelist, Guy Kawasaki admitted in an interview with Bloomberg that the real genius behind Steve’s iPod is iTunes. [1]  This may explain why the Macworld audience only politely clapped at the unveiling of the Apple iPod; whereas, the crowd went wild for iTunes.

Steve demonstrated his iTunes player by selecting an audio file of a poem by Dylan Thomas:

Do not go gentle into that good night,
Old age should burn and rave at close of day;
Rage, rage against the dying of the light.

The poem asks that we don't lay down and die without a fight. Steve’s iTunes was a life preserver thrown to a music industry drowning in an ocean of music pirates like Napster. His iTunes allowed people to buy songs legally for a price low enough to compete with Napster’s $0. Before beginning serious work on the iTunes idea, Steve had sent for the big-four music companies to visit his office. He demanded, “If I can’t sell a song for 99 cents, I am not selling it.” Steve decided he would get a thirty per-cent cut of any music sold on iTunes. The then Executive VP of Universal Music Larry Kenswil told Bloomberg that Steve’s approach was unlike any other CEO the big four had ever dealt with. There was no negotiating with Steve. These were his terms and he was not shifting. After these four men had killed the 'single' music format in the '90s, Steve reanimated it as a binary stream. Seven years later, iTunes became the biggest music retailer in the U.S.[2]

An average billion songs per year are legally purchased via iTunes. It could be argued that Steve has saved ten billion songs from piracy. However, there are those who still believe that audio theft deserves the highest national priority. French President Nicolas Sarkozy has declared war on pirates so that starving artists like his ex-model wife won’t lose precious royalties. Nicolas is listed as number 56 on Forbes’ list of the world’s most powerful people, Steve follows at his heels at number 57. (Both men were born in '55). Nicolas decided to call his piracy task force Big Brother.[3] Perhaps The French President doesn’t understand the negative connotations of the phrase in the same way that Steve does.

Steve likes to show his appreciation to those who buy music rather than pirate it. On February 24th, 2010, Steve made a phone call to grandfather of nine, Louie Sulcer of Georgia.

'This is Steve Jobs from Apple.'

Louis replied, 'Yeah right,' "

Louie later told Rolling Stone, "I have a son that loves to play tricks and he does that every now and then — calls me and imitates somebody."[4] Steve tried to explain to Louie that he had just downloaded the ten billionth iTunes track when he bought Johnny Cash’s "Guess Things Happen That Way". An exasperated Louis said to Steve, "Come on now, who is this?" Then he looked at his caller ID that simply read "Apple". Steve gave the 71-year-old $10,000 credit to spend on more iTunes stuff.

Of course, Steve’s revolutionary music shop did not impress 77-year old Yoko and her Apple Corps lawyers. She refused to allow the Beatles’ richest fan to sell her property on his fancy software for almost a decade. Did she understand that every Beatles song could be pirated in minutes? In August 2010 Yoko stated, "There's just an element that we're not very happy about, as people. We are holding out”.[5] When Yoko said "we", did she really mean “me”? Perhaps she was holding out for more money from Steve. On the other hand, Paul McCartney showed his support for iTunes by appearing in 2007 Apple commercial encouraging everybody to "dance tonight" with their iPod. Three months after claiming she was "holding out", Yoko finally relented and allowed Steve to sell his beloved Beatles music on his beloved iTunes. Ringo Starr’s reaction was “At last, if you want it - you can get it now”.[6]

Clearly, the long wait was not the boys’ fault.  Anybody who wants Beatles music on their iPod would have ripped or pirated it by now. However, this did not matter to Steve. It was a personal victory. At 3pm on the 17^th of November 2010, Steve celebrated by filling the entire apple homepage with an iconoclastic 1969 Bruce McBroom photograph of his boyhood idols.  During the following month, Steve programmed all his stores to play his favourite dozen Beatles songs over and over and over and over again. One Sydney Apple genius confessed to this author that since the Beatles loop played at her store, she has grown to hate the fab four. She now cringes at the opening refrain of “Yellow Submarine”.

It could be argued that Bill Gates has more in common with The Beatles than Steve. The Beatles’  “Please, Please Me” mass-market approach is pure Microsoft. Steve’s company is closer in nature to the group’s darker twin - The Rolling Stones. Both Apple and The Stones are brands that purport to represent an avante garde rebellion suitable only for acquired tastes. Consider Steve whilst reading the lyrics of The Stones’ Sympathy for the Devil:

Please allow me to introduce myself
I'm a man of wealth and taste
I've been around for a long, long year
Stole many a man's soul and faith

But what's puzzling you
Is the nature of my game, oh yeah, get down, baby

As heads is tails
Just call me Lucifer
'Cause I'm in need of some restraint

So if you meet me
Have some courtesy
Have some sympathy, and some taste
Use all your well-learned politesse
Or I'll lay your soul to waste, um yeah

Steve has never had to chase The Rolling Stones to licence their wares on iTunes. The old rockers dumped fifty years-worth of music onto Steve's lap from the day iTunes began. The Stones have always been there for Steve. In September 2009, The Stones performed at the iPod event named after one of their many classic tracks "It’s Only Rock and Roll, But We Like It."

On the other hand, another rock veteran complained very publicly about Steve and his iTunes. Jon Bon Jovi told Sunday Times Magazine that the "magical" experience of buying albums in a store is dead now that Steve made it too easy to buy individual tracks from iTunes.

Kids today have missed the whole experience of putting the headphones on, turning it up to 10, holding the jacket, closing their eyes and getting lost in an album; and the beauty of taking your allowance money and making a decision based on the jacket, not knowing what the record sounded like, and looking at a couple of still pictures and imagining it. …God, it was a magical, magical time. I hate to sound like an old man now, but I am, and you mark my words, in a generation from now people are going to say: 'What happened?' Steve Jobs is personally responsible for killing the music business.

After The San Francisco Chronicle re-reported the article, there were many comments claiming that Jon killed music industry with his music. They complained that his cynically crafted albums contained two or three guaranteed chart toppers while the rest of the albums were filler. The general consensus was that lazy musicians were now forced to make every track a good one or no one would buy it. [7]

It’s easy for Jon to wax nostalgic about fossicking for vinyl gems at his local music boutiques. He was lucky enough to grow up in New Jersey. Before iTunes, country folk could only browse for music at the one lonely row of vinyl at Kmart. Meanwhile, the local AM station would play the same 34 songs ad nauseum. Steve's iTunes enlarged the musical world of remote places by allowing people in small communities an ocean of music in a desert of mediocre music outlets.  A kid in outback Australia with an internet connection could drown himself in more music than he could possibly hear in one lifetime. 

There are still some artists who don’t want to be iTuners: AC/DC, Bob Seger, Kid Rock, Garth Brooks, Def Leppard, and Tool. Steve has never chased these musicians to join the iTunes library. He doesn’t seem to mind if trailer park residents can’t buy Highway to Hell via Apple. Hillbillies are not his demographic. If you watch the iTunes online tutorial, you will see the cheerful demonstrator typing “Steve’s iPod” into the username field. Yes, this is Steve’s iPod, and only he gets to decide what music is played at his party.

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[1] Bloomberg.com (2010, October 14) Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/video/63690380/

[2] NPD (2008, August 5) The NPD Group: iTunes Continues To Lead U.S. Music Retailers in First Half of 2008. Retrieved from http://www.npd.com/press/releases/press_080805.html

[3] Chrisafis, A. (2010, December 29) Nicolas Sarkozy's internet police warn 100,000 illegal downloaders. The Guardian.

[4] Elmer-DeWitt, P. (2010, February 26) Steve Jobs' chat with the iTunes winner. Fortune Magazine.

[5] Newman, J. (2010, August 6) Time to Give Up on The Beatles on iTunes. PC World.

[6] Apple.com (2010, November 16) The Beatles Now On iTunes. Retrieved from: http://www.apple.com/ca/pr/library/2010/11/16beatlesonitunes.html

[7] San Francisco Chronicle. (2011, March 14) Jon Bon Jovi slams Steve Jobs for 'killing' music Retreived from:: http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/blogs/dailydish/detail?entry_id=84985#ixzz1JBGSkgPS

Think Differently

Steve wanted a commercial that made his customers feel as special as he feels. He wanted his market to be both elevated and united by the courage to be different. His first commercial as the returning sire of Apple was ‘Think Different’. Despite the title’s bad grammar, the voiceover was inspired:

Here’s to the crazy ones: the misfits, the rebels, the troublemakers, the round pegs in the square holes – the ones who see things differently. They’re not fond of rules. You can quote them, disagree with them, glorify, or vilify them; but the only thing you can’t do is ignore them because they change things. They push the human race forward, and while some may see them as the crazy ones, we see genius, because the ones who are crazy enough to think that they can change the world are the ones who do.

This passage was later written on the wall of Apple head-quarters.[1]

One of those “troublemakers” founded a site called Wikileaks. Julian Assange sits in a courtroom, he opens his laptop, on its cover, the Apple logo glows brightly. As he's hauled away to Her Majesty’s Prison Wandsworth, Julian takes the number one spot in Time Magazine's poll for Person of The Year. You can disagree with him; but the only thing you can’t do is ignore him because he changes things.

Think Different was officially scripted by Ken Segall. However, he spent a great deal of time intimating with Steve while writing it. Ken stated to Bloomberg, “Steve was aware of every detail, literally every word, every image”.[2] Ken’s career is riding on the idea that he is the auteur of this multi-award winning commercial. Maybe he wrote it; or maybe he didn’t. The words could have easily been Steve’s.

During the one-minute commercial, we watch thoughtful slow motion footage chosen by Steve. We see Albert Einstein, Bob Dylan, Martin Luther King Junior, Richard Branson, John Lennon, R. Buckminster Fuller, Thomas Edison, Muhammad Ali, Ted Turner, Maria Callas, Mahatma Gandhi, Amelia Earhart, Alfred Hitchcock, Martha Graham, Jim Henson, Frank Lloyd Wright, and Picasso. Some of these names are relative unknowns. The typical advertising exec would not have chosen them, but Steve wanted them there. The commercial ends with a young girl opening her eyes to the world around her.

This was a mature departure from Steve’s grim 1984 melodrama. It revealed a company that would rather nurture talent than smash enemies. The child in the end shot was an important idea to Steve. He once told a Playboy journalist that when faced with a computer, '"Older people sit down and ask, “What is it?” but a child asks, “What can I do with it?”'.[3]

The first outsider to see the new ads was Newsweek's Katie Hafner. She arrived at Apple's headquarters at ten on a Friday morning for an interview with Steve. He kept her waiting a long time. Finally, he emerged. His chin was covered by stubble. He was exhausted from having stayed up all night editing footage for the "Think Different" television spot… Now the montage was finally complete.

Steve sat with Katie and they watched the commercial.

Steve was crying.

"That's what I love about him," Katie recalls. "It wasn't trumped up. Steve was genuinely moved by that stupid ad."[4]

Who better to narrate the commercial than Richard Dreyfuss? Richard was a conscientious objector during Vietnam conflict. He was constantly ridiculed by casting directors during his years as a struggling actor. Richard kept a list of their names to remind himself that one day he would find success. The Oscar award-winner continues to be an unstoppable campaigner for individual rights. He was also was one of the first AppleMasters – a group of celebrities selected by Steve who think different. Richard didn’t just plug apple, he talked about it like he’d found Jesus: “I’m a better person. I’m a more creative person. My reach is greater. My grasp is greater with an Apple computer.”[5]

Steve began connecting famous icons with Apple to bring sexy back. He had to make good with Muhammad Ali since Gil’s marathon speech last year left no time for Ali to take the stage. Steve had a lot in common with The Champ. Both men have had to fight bigger, but slower, opponents when everyone else thought they would lose. Both men mix politics and commerce. Both men have smart mouths. Both men are brand names. Steve released a ‘Think Different’ commercial dedicated to Ali. It was simple un-edited training footage from his 1974 comeback fight with George Foreman. The footage revealed Ali taunting an imagined foe:

Back up sucker! Back up.

Come get me sucker, I’m dancing, I’m dancing!

Follow me! No, I’m not there, I’m here! Whup. Here! Here!

You out, sucker!

 Ali won the fight.

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[1] Keefe, B. (2006, March 25) Market wants to know Apple will stay fresh after Jobs. Sydney Morning Herald.

[2] Bloomberg.com (2010, October 14) Bloomberg Game Changers: Steve Jobs [Video]. Retrieved from http://www.bloomberg.com/video/63690380/

[3] Sheff, D. (1985, February 1) Playboy Interview: Steven Jobs. Playboy Magazine. 

[4] Deutschman, A. (2000) The Second Coming of Steve Jobs. New York: Broadway.

[5] Apple eNews (2000, July 13) Volume 3 Issue 13. Retrieved from http://www.apple.com/enews/2000/07/13enews1.html

Steve Jobs can't buy love from the Beatles

The Beatles founded Apple Corps Limited during the summer of love. By the 1980s - the decade of greed - it had become a multi-armed corporation. It was managed by hard-nosed executive, Neil Aspinall, whose entire job seemed to involve suing anyone who may or may not be besmirching the Beatles name. He also occasionally re-released Beatles stuff. Yoko and the surviving Beatles controlled Apple Corps. They and their lawyers were never happy with the name, ‘Apple Computer’. After John Lennon was shot dead outside his home, his legacy became a very sensitive issue. Within a year of John’s murder, Apple Computer was forced to pay Apple Corps US$80,000 for trademark infringement and promise to stay out of the music business. Apparently Yoko and Co. own the English word, “apple”. Ten years later, when the Mac began to play MIDI music, Apple Corps decided Apple Computer owes them a further US$26.5 million for breaking the aforementioned promise. The fab four have always been very serious about protecting the integrity of the Apple Corps trademark and making money - mainly making money. For example, today there is a Beatles video game, a Beatles stage show in Vegas, and Yoko has a line of John Lennon baby clothes and pacifiers. A John Lennon pen licensed to Mont Blanc can be purchased for around $1000 each.

What really hurts Steve about these lawsuits (which have spanned three decades) is that the man is a huge Beatles fanatic. A 60-Minutes reporter spoke to Steve after enjoying a Paul McCartney concert. With a broad smile, he said,

My model for business is The Beatles. They were four guys that kept each other's negative tendencies in check. They balanced each other, and the total was greater than the sum of the parts. Great things in business are not done by one person, they are done by a team of people.[1]

 

Steve's unconditional love for the Beatles is Apple Corps' only saving grace. He has a reserve of patience for them that no one else in the world enjoys. Despite the painfully drawn out legal tiff, Steve gave Yoko a Macintosh as a gift. Steve's reaction to Apple Corps' demands is always ‘let it be’. He told Steven Levy of Newsweek that, "It's not a big deal. It's unfortunate because we love the Beatles. I'd do anything for those guys."[2]

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[1] 60 Minutes (2008, December 12) Steve Jobs Interview [Video file]. CBS. Retrieved from http://cnettv.cnet.com/60-minutes-steve-jobs/9742-1_53-50004696.html.%20Retrieved%202010-04-19

[2] Levy, S. (2003, October 27) Apple’s music Man. Newsweek.

Steve Jobs' 1984

In 1949, novelist George Orwell predicted that we would be dictated by the whims of an all-powerful overlord called Big Brother by 1984. This was the year that Steve's Mac was unveiled. To exploit the opportunity, Steve spared no expense, nor metaphor on advertising. It is fair to say that Apple commercials are essentially Steve’s commercials. Advertising man, Ken Segall, explains that Steve is like no other client. He doesn’t merely relegate advertising to some guy and say ‘call me when it’s done’. Steve’s hands are all over the crafting of any Apple commercial.[1] His marketing style involves a theatre cast with a hero (him) and a villain (a wealthier competitor). 

He enlisted one of the world's greatest film directors, Ridley Scott, to direct the first Mac TV commercial. The one-minute epic was to be shown during the most coveted and expensive timeslot - the Super-Bowl. Before the commercial was aired, Steve previewed it to a select audience. He announced to his faithful,

"It is now 1984. It appears IBM wants it all. Apple is perceived to be the only hope to offer IBM a run for its money. Dealers initially welcoming IBM with open arms now fear an IBM dominated and controlled future. They are increasingly turning back to Apple as the only force that can ensure their future freedom. IBM wants it all and is aiming its guns on its last obstacle to industry control: Apple. Will Big Blue dominate the entire computer industry? The entire information age? Was George Orwell right?"[2]

“NO!” screamed the frenzied crowd. The commercial's plot centred upon a nameless heroine who rebels against Big Brother - symbolising IBM. She is the one bright spark of colour in a drab world of conformity. She is the outrage of the few against the tyranny of the many. She is the Macintosh personified. '1984' won five hall-of-fame awards over the next two decades. The commercial shared the same shameless grandiosity we saw the previous year with Michael Jackson's music clip, Thriller. It was a call to arms to both Apple staff and customers. Apple had smeared its face with rainbow war paint in a battle with IBM. It was a battle that IBM weren't too concerned about anyway. They were soon shipping Windows-loaded units that did everything the Mac did and more.

Despite his well-choreographed stand against industrial fascism, a much more covert Big Brother than IBM was employing Steve’s symbol of rebellion. Within a year of the Mac  commercial, Steve watched a secret video tape prepared for the US Joint Chiefs of Staff eyes only. He discovered that every US nuclear weapon in Europe was being aimed using his computers. The revelation deflated Steve's lofty hopes that his Apple would change the world for the better. This is a man who loved to quote the famous pacifist John Lennon. Steve saw only one silver lining in this cloud: at least they weren't using Radio Shack.[3]

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[1] Bloomberg (2010). Corporate Philanthropy's Biggest Givers. Retrieved from http://www.businessweek.com/interactive_reports/philanthropy_corporate.html

[2] Macworld (2006) Macintosh is 22 today. Macworld.com. Retrieved from http://www.macworld.co.uk/news/index.cfm?NewsID=13674&Page=1&pagePos=2

[3] Sheff, D. (1985, February 1) Playboy Interview: Steven Jobs. Playboy Magazine.